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ABSTRACT
One of the vital inventions of mankind is the traffic lights which up to the present are continuously being modified for a more satisfactory result. Traffic lights are used to control competing flows of traffic and serve as road signal to cars, pedestrians for smooth and convenient travel. A detail knowledge of operating characteristics of the traffic is essential to form a basis for the establishment of traffic control or for design of street and high way. In construction of one way traffic light, the circuit components, the integrated circuit (555 timers) was used in which the capacitors and resistors were connected to it for the time constant, which was connected to the power stage which comprises of the transformer rectified diode etc. The now well established design was then tested and the obtained result was analyzed. The result data can be used in traffic planning, traffic management and control both for the establishment and updating of design standard.
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
During the horse and buggy days, traffic in big cities was often heavy. With the coming automobiles, the situation got even worse. Traffic light known as traffic signals, traffic lamp signal, robot and semaphores are signalling device position at or near intersections, pedestrian crossing and other location to control competing flows of traffic. V
Precisely, traffic on roads takes place when a number of pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcar and other conveyances occurs either singly or simultaneously while using the public way for purposes of travel.
Traffics are hindrance to those who are in a hurry and may also cause accident. To avoid such occurrence traffic lights are adapted for Street use.
Traffic lights are signaling devices positioned at road intersections and other location to control completing flows of traffic. They alternate the right-of-way of road users by displaying lights of standard colour (red, yellow, and green) following a universal colour code.
The illumination of the green light allows traffic tç> proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to do so.
Illumination of yellow light denoting prepared to stop short of intersection, if it safe to do so.
Illumination of red light prohibit any traffic flow proceeding or signaling road is closed.
Emergency vehicle like hospital ambulance, police on special duties, fire service are not required to respect traffic light but must activate their own emergency light when crossing an intersection against the light in order to alert coming driver the preemption.
Computerized traffic light with timer or sensor control traffic light have been implemented nowadays on different types of road intersection such as cross intersection, T intersection and Y intersection to control flow of traffic.
The timer operate with timing mechanism that changes the light after a given interval while the sensor-control traffic light senses the presence and absence of vehicles and reacts accordingly.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Traffic light was first installed in 1868 in London(UK) which now in almost every city of the world. But in1912, the first electricity traffic light was developed byLobster wire an American Policeman of Salt-lake CityUtah.
Today, most of the big cities employ traffic engineers.
In India, traffic problem are fast coming up in big cities such as New Delhi, Mumbai, etc.
With the increase traffic development and safety requirement, it is absolutely essential that Highway Department in the State should have a suitable cell to deals with traffic light.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The major challenges in this project was raising of financial aspect of the project combined with the normal class work.
Another area where challenges was met was getting the right component and it value, including the tools use for the construction of one way traffic lights. Indeed, it was a good experience as a final year student, to passed through many stress and at the end achieved a great work.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY/RESEARCH
The fundamental objective of traffic light is to achieve efficient, economic, free and rapid flow of traffic without accidents. And to maintain, manage, control and regulate traffic flow.
-
S SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH/STUDY
The study or the research of traffic light may be divided under the following sub-heading:
- i) The characteristics of traffic light.
- ii) Traffic operations, control and regulation.
iii) Planning and analysis.
- iv) Geometric design.
- v) Administration and management.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The significance of study one way traffic light is to provide for an orderly movement of traffic and to reduce the frequency of certain type of accident. It also provide the means of interrupting heavy traffic cross and promote driver confidence by assuring the right of way. It also provide the means of interrupting heavy traffic.
It may afford considerable economy over manual control at intersection where alternate assignment of the right of way is necessary.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERM
1.7.1 TRANSFORMER
This is a device for stepping up or down of an alternating voltage either by stepping it up or stepping it down.
1.7.2 DIODE
Diode is an electric device that allows electricity to flow in only one direction that is used for rectification.
1.7.3 CAPACITOR
The capacitor store electric charges by electrostatics stress in dielectric.
1.7.4 ZENER DIODE
This is a voltage stabilizer device, i.e., is use to maintained a fixed voltage.
1.7.5 RESISTOR
Resistor is a device that resists or opposes the flow of alternating current.
1.7.6 CAPACITANCE
This is the measure of the capacitor’s ability to store charge.
1.7.7 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
LED is a diode made from semiconductor that emits light when an electric and current passes through it and when properly bias.
1.7.8 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
An I. C. is a complex electronic circuit in which both active and passive component are fabricated on a tiny single chip of silicon.
1.7.9 ACTIVE COMPONENT
These are components that can produce power gain in a circuit.
1.8.0 PASSIVE COMPONENT
These are components that do not produce power’ gain in a circuit.
1.8.1 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
This is the flow of induced current or voltage in a coil due to an alternating or varying current in neighbouring coil.
1.8.2 EDDY CURRENT
This is the current produce by varying flux cutting the iron core.
1.8.3 HYSTERESIS LOSS
This is waste energy due to reversing magnetization of core.
1.8.4 RESISTANCE
This is the opposition to the flow current.
1.8.5 FORWARD BIAS
This is one of the behaviour of diode when proper connected ion a circuit when the anode goes to the positive (+) terminal of the voltage supply and the cathode goes to the negative (-) terminal.
1.8.6 REVERSE BIAS
This is the connection in the other way round of diode which does not conduct.
1.8.7 SEMICONDUCTOR
These are electric device whose conductivity lie between conductor and insulator.
1.8.8 RECTIFICATION
This is the process whereby diode is use to convert alternating current to direct current.
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