Complete Material Cost #3,000
Order for Complete Material now
ABSTRACT
The use of Nypa ash and the combination of Nypa ash and decayed plantain husk for the Amelioration of crude oil polluted soil was determined at six amendment levels (10g 20g 30g, 10:10g 20:20g and 30:30g) per 2kg of soil. Cumulative effect of Nypa ash and decayed plantain husk at the above amendments levels were carried out. The soil samples were subjected to laboratory analysis using standard analytical methods for organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and total hydrocarbon content. Soil chemical analysis indicated increase in soil organic matter with levels of amendment materials overtime. Soil total Nitrogen was generally deficient in soil. However, there was improvement at the end of the experimentation. Soil available phosphorus, increased with amendment levels and was subsequently depleted in the soil overtime. At the end of the experimentation, there was improvement in the soil available phosphorus. Soil total Nitrogen was observed to narrow down in soils overtime amended with Nypa ash and the combination of Nypa ash and decayed plantain husk. Soil total hydrocarbon analysis indicated a significant reduction in amended soil at 20g and 40g per 2kg amended levels with 1172.76 to 1160.59 reduction of total hydrocarbon contents for residual treated soils, while cumulative treatment indicated optimum significant reduction at 30:30g per 2kg with 1120.63 reduction of total hydrocarbon contents. The results show that Nypa ash amendment at the rate of 20g to 30g per 2kg of soil is the optimum treatment for remediation while cumulative application (Combination of both Nypa ash and decayed plantain husk) would favour the six levels of amendments with 30:30g per 2kg as optimum.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
COVER PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 4
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS 4
CHAPTER TWO 6
LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.10 PETROLEUM AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 6
2.1.1 BIOREMEDIATION 6
2.1.2 BIOAUGMENTATION, BIOSTIMULATION AND BIOVENTILATION 7
2.1.3 PHYTOREMEDIATION 9
2.2 NYPA PALM IN MANGROVE FOREST 11
2.3 Origin and Distribution of Nypa Palm 12
2.4 MORPHOLOGY OF NYPA PALM 12
2.5 USES OF NYPA PALM 13
2.6 MOLASSES (GUR) PRODUCTION FROM NYPA PALM SAP 14
2.7 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND SAP OF NYPA PALM 15
2.8 BIOREMEDIATION 17
2.9 REMEDIATION APPROACHES FOR OIL-RELATED CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENT 18
2.10 PROSPECTS FOR BIOREMEDIATION IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION 18
2.11 USE OF NYPA FRUITICAN ASH AND PLANTAIN TRUNK (MUSA PARADISIACA) ON THE RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED HYDROCARBON POLLUTED SITE 20
2.12 PLANTAIN TRUNK (MUSA PARADISIACA) 20
2.13 REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED HYDROCARBON POLLUTED SITE 20
CHAPTER THREE 22
MATERIALS AND METHOD 22
3.0 MATERIALS 22
3.1 STUDY AREA 23
3.2 SAMPLING: 23
3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION 23
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 23
3.5 POST TREATMENT SAMPLING 24
3.6 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 24
3.6.1 DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN IN SOIL SAMPLE 24
3.6.2 DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL SAMPLE 24
3.6.3 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HYDROCARBON CONTENT (THC) IN SOIL SAMPLE 25
3.6.4 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND ORGANIC MATTER (TOC AND OM) IN SOIL SAMPLE 25
CHAPTER FOUR 26
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26
4.1 RESULTS 26
4.2 DISCUSSION 28
CHAPTER FIVE 30
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION 30
5.0 CONCLUSION 30
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 31
REFERENCES 32
APPENDIX 39
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Land is a scarce commodity and the haven for human being. Land is an important factor in ecosystem and a critical component of the earth’s life support system Al-Taabaa (2014). It could be married and made through human activities. However, industrialization and urbanization has resulted in the contamination of all the component of the environment (air, water, soil and even food). It is in consonance to the above assertion that Ken, (1995) reported an ecological war where no bomb is thrown but the air, human and even water dies. The above statement was made as a result of oil spillage whose effect is devastating on the flora, fauna and micro biota of the ecosystem of Niger Delta (Romanus et al, 2015).
The exploitation and dependence on oil has resulted to increased accidental discharge of oil into the soil. The discharge of hydrocarbon into the soil has reduced farm yield and peasant farmers from these areas are experiencing precipitated difficulties in restoring the fertility of their oil polluted soil (Leera et al. 2018). Prior to this time, environment degradation, specifically soil contamination caused by hydrocarbon was rarely given much attention but highly devastating (Zabbey and Sam, 2017). Also, the level of soil pollution has continued to increase with embedded socio-economic health and environmental impact. The soil quality, surface and ground water have been adversely affected (Nduka and Orisakwe, 2011, UNEP, 2011, Nganje 2015) the resultant effect has sent many aquatic lives into possible extinction.
Petroleum degradation of the soil resulted in the loss of essential soil nutrients. This is because hydrocarbons and chemical present in the oil represent a carcinogenic risk to the soil (Solomon et al, 2018). The positive effect of nitrogen on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation has been reported (Agarry et al, 2010).Abioye et al 2012, Oruoha, 2013, Solomon et al 2018).
There are two major types of bioremediation methods used for the cleanup of contaminated soil or polluted soil they include in situ and ex situ method. For cleaning up contaminated soils, in situ bioremediation is only one of several possible technologies. Alternatives include (1) excavation followed by safe disposal or incineration, (2) on-site bioremediation using land-farming or fully enclosed soil cell techniques, (3) low-temperature desorption, (4) in situ vapor recovery, and (5) containment using slurry walls and caps. In situ methods (desorption, vapor recovery, containment, and bioremediation) have the advantages of being minimally disruptive to the site and potentially less expensive. Because ex situ methods require excavation, they disrupt the landscape, expose contaminants, and require replacement of soils. For these reasons, ex situ methods sometimes are impractical. Potential advantages of bioremediation compared to other in situ methods. The conventional physiochemical methods for hydrocarbon remediation are expensive and render the soil unfit for agricultural purposes (Noble et al, 2018). It is therefore base on the above background that trigger the drive for this research to chose a cost effective and agricultural friendly remediation approach for post oil polluted soil using Nypa fruiticans and plantain trunks.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The treatment of hydrocarbon polluted soil has generated mixed reaction within and outside academia as to the procedure for effective remediation. This procedure could be physical, chemical or biological method (Hamby, 1996 in Zabbey and Sam, 2017). Base on previous studies on the environment, successful attempt have been reported due to severe factors, among other remediation techniques, physical, chemical or biological remediation (Hamby et al, 1996). Bioremediation has been conceived as the best remediation process of hydrocarbon polluted soil. This is because the process is cost effective and environmentally friendly.
Scholars have use ripe plantain peels waste (Noble et al, 2018), Rabbit waste and Nypa fruiticans Ash (Solomon et al, 2018), plantain peels and guinea corn shaft (Romans et al, 2018) However, little or no research has been done on the remediation of post oil polluted soil using Nypa fruiticans and plantain trunks. It is based on the above that necessitate this study.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research is to examine the effect of Nypa frniticans ash and plantain trunks on the remediation of oil polluted soil.
The Objectives of the study are:
1. To collect post oil impacted soil.
2. To treat 2kg of post oil impacted soils at 10g, 20g, 30g, of Nypa frniticans ash and cumulative treatment of 10:10g, 20:20g and 30:30g Nypa frniticans ash and plantain decayed trunk
3. To monitor treatment
4. To evaluate the microbial load of pre and post treated soils.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Following the necessity for remediation of oil impacted soils, the result from this study will show the effectiveness of Nypa fruiticans ash and combine effect of Nypa fruiticans ash and plantain trunks in the remediation of post oil polluted soils.
Secondly, the study will also add to existing empirical literatures on remediation of hydrocarbon polluted soil.
Data from the study will serve as a bench mark for other related studies.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is designed to treat post oil polluted soil. Using Nypa frniticans ash and plantain trunk as biostimulant in the remediation of the soil. This study will derive it sample from Rukpoku in Obio Akpo Local Government Area, River State. The study will be carried out in the biological laboratory of Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The major limitation of this research is the short time frame coupled with the tight academic schedules in the school. Also the fund within the researcher’s reach is also limited.
Another limitation is the difficulties encountered during the work of the study.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bioremediation: It is an act of adding material to contaminated environment to cause an acceleration of the natural biodegradation process.
Biostimulation : It is the process in which growth of indigenous oil degraders is stimulated by the addition of nutrient or other growth limiting co-substrate or by alterations in environmental conditions.
Biodegradation: It is the biologically mediated process which results in the conversion of an organic chemical into any inorganic and organic end product which is chemically distinct from the parent materials.
Biostimulant: Biostimulants are biological substances, microorganisms, and compounds that can be applied directly to plants, seeds, or soil to improve a plant’s vigor, increase crop yields, and relieve plant stress.
Hydrocarbon: It is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Microbial Load: this is the amount of micro organism present in the soils which serves as degraders of hydrocarbon polluted soil.
Mineralization: This is the breakdown of organic matter in the soil to form soluble inorganic compounds.
Complete Material Cost #3,000