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ABSTRACT
Groundwater represents significant source of fresh water for irrigation and drinking purposes and therefore preserving the availability and quality of this resource is extremely important. Groundwater could be chemically, physically, or microbiologically contaminated. Each of which is linked to various sources and health related problems and consequences. This study is performed to evaluate Bacteriological and Physico-chemical Groundwater Source in Long John community, Orosikiri Community, Abalamabie Community in Bonny Rivers State. The following Bacteriological and Physico-chemical Parameters were evaluated, total coliforms (TCB), faecal coliforms (FCB) and Total heterotrophic count (THCB) as bacterial indicators, were examined. Nitrates No3, Turbididy, calcium ca2+, magnesium mg2+,total dissolved solids (TDS),total hardness (CaCO3) pH, temperature, electric conductivity (EC) and turbidity, salinity, Taste, Odour Appearance (TCU), were measured as physic-chemical and bacteriological parameters of these borehole Water samples. isolate were identify as Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. The Results of the present study showed that some of the boreholes water sample were not suitable for drinking since they showed high level bacterial indicators in the three water samples which indicate in Long-John having 2 total HTCB (Cfu/ml), Orosikiri Community, 4 HTCB (Cfu/ml), Abalamabie Community 2 HTCB (Cfu/ml), ie =2,4,2 for the three communities, TCB(Cfu/ml) =0,2,2, for three communities.FCB(Cfu/ml)=0,0,2, three communities. The result for physic-chemical parameters shows that the Presence of concentrations of turbidity for two communities have below the permissible limits of WHO which is (n=0.98, n=1) except for the orosikiri community that is within the limit of WHO permissible limit which is (n=21), and WHO is 5(max.25) standards for drinking water, 2007.from the result obtained in this study to evaluate borehole water source for bacteriological and physic-chemical qualities, it be concluded that some ground water obtained from the boreholes are not suitable for drinking due to contamination. Thus, the contaminated groundwater wells must be treated and disinfected before usage for drinking or human consumptions.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In Nigeria, the ground water is considered the third water source for irrigation and other human uses. Thus, the ground water is considered as a secondary source to irrigate some agricultural areas in the Delta region, and as an essential source for some cultivated lands to which the Nile water is not reachable. In many parts of Egypt, the ground water is widely used for drinking and other domestic purposes (Mamdouh et al., 2003). Groundwater represents an important source of drinking water and its quality is currently threatened by a combination of microbiological and physicochemical contamination (Reid et al., 2003). However, groundwater could be chemically, physically, or microbiologically contaminated. Each of which is linked to various sources and health related problems and consequences. Two main factors determine the chemical and microbiological composition of water quality: artificial and natural contamination. Any microbiological or chemical analysis of water reveals the combined effects of both sources of contamination, and it is usually impossible to fully identify and separate these sources (Al-Khatib et al., 2003). The main source of microbiological contamination are microorganisms from human or animal excreta, which reaches humans through contaminated groundwater from wastewater, landfills, or wastewater treatment stations, causing serious health problems. For example, according to the UN, diarrhea accounts for 80% of all diseases and over one third of deaths in developing countries, which are caused by the patients’ consumption of contaminated water (AlKhatib et al., 2003). Most of the gastrointestinal infections that may be transmitted through drinking water are transmitted via fecal–oral pathway (WHO, 2010). Hence, the effects of improvements in the quality of groundwater were felt on the combat against endemic diseases such as typhoid and cholera in adults, and diarrhea in children (AlKhatib and Orabi, 2004). The most commonly used indicators for bacteriological contamination are the coliforms: total and fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. E. coli is a subgroup of fecal coliform group, and its presence indicates the fecal pollution of groundwater (Viessman and Hammer, 2005). Detection of bacterial indicators in drinking water signifies the presence of pathogenic organisms that are the source of water-borne diseases (Al-Khatib and Hassan, 2009). An appropriate assessment of the suitability of groundwater requires the concentrations of some important parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , Na+ , Cl−, HCO3, SO4, Fe, NO3-, PO43-, and comparing with the guideline values set for potable water (W.HO, 2010). The aim of this is to evaluate the Bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of underground source water from three communities in Bonny in Rivers State.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed that, sources of drinking water has been contaminated in Bonny Island has been polluted and contaminated with microorganisms and physicochemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, BOD, DO, turbidity, temperature, hardness, salinity etc. which has resulted to the outbreak of diseases and other health related problems. The majority of the infections that are associated with water are due to lack of accessibility to portable water supply and poor environmental sanitation especially in developing countries. Water borne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated water is consumed. Cholera is a good example of water borne disease and it is endemic in Nigeria. Consumption of such water is can cause water borne disease such as typhoid and paratyphoid fever as most of the enteric diseases are transmitted through water. These enteric diseases have reduced the quality of life in the area and apparently result to low human productivity. Thus, the need to evaluate the Bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of underground water source from three communities in Bonny in Rivers State.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main of this study is to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of underground under-ground water source in Bonny, Rivers State.
The specific objectives are to:
Determine its suitability for drinking according to World Health Organization (W.H.O) standard for drinking water (WHO, 2007)
Evaluate the water samples for the presence of coliform bacteria
Isolate and identify heterotrophic plate count bacteria
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work is restricted to the evaluation of the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of underground water from three communities in Bonny Rivers State.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will educate and enlighten the students and the general public about the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of underground source water from three communities in Bonny, Rivers State, And asses, and monitor.
environmental pollution management. This will also serve as a benchmark for other researchers to carry out related research on this work.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to borehole waters in port Harcourt rivers state, Nigeria.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bacteriological: This has to do with bacterium
Evaluation: This is the act of determining, estimating the value of something.
Water: This is a colourless, tasteless, odourless clear liquid that has the chemical formula H2O required by all forms of life.
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