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ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the Bacteria associated with urinary tract infection in postnatal mothers and their antibiotics susceptibility. A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted and urine samples were collected using the mid stream. ‘Clean catch’ method from suspected and tested bacteriologically using standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for the isolated pathogens using Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method according to clinical and laboratory standards institute guidelines. Significant bacteria were detected from the patients, the most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (33.3%) Klebsiella pneumonia (19%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (14.3%). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia showed the highest percentage of resistance to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin (100%) however, all isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin. Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were resistance to Ampicillin (100%) and Amoxillin (66.7%).
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Urinary tract infection (UTIS) is the most common disorder caused by bacterial agent in pregnancy which can lead to important complication in new born of such mothers in case of inappropriate diagnosis and treatment. Among the most common infectious diseases, Urinary tract infection (UTIs) are a commonly encountered diseases by clinicians in developing countries with an estimated annual global incidence of at least 250 million, (Ronald, Nicolle, stamm et al, 2001) UTIS refer to the presence of microbial pathogens within the urinary track act it site (bladder), or (kidney) or urine (bacteriuria) and also can be a symptomatic or symptomatic, UTIS that occur in a normal genitourinary tract with no prior instrumentation are considered as “Uncomplicated” where as “complicated infections are diagnosed in genitourinary tracts that have structural or functional abnormalities including instrumentation such as indwelling urinary catheters, and are frequently asymptomatic, (Gonzale and schaeffer; 1999); Stamm, Hooton 1993) It has been established that globally systematic UTIS result in as many as 7 Million visits to out patients clinics, 1 million visits to emergency department and hundred thousand hospitalizations annually (Wilson and Gaido, 2004). Many different microorganisms can cause UTIS though the most common pathogens causing the simple one in the community are Escherichia coli and other entero bateriaceae, which accounts approximately 75% of the isolates. In complicated urinary tract infections and hospitalized patients, organisms such as Enterococcus faecalis and highly resistant gram-negative rods including pseudomonas SPP are comparatively more common. The relative frequency of the pathogen varies depending upon age, sex, characterization and hospitalization (Setton, 2000). Treatment of UTIS cases is often started empirically and therapy is based on information determined from the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the urinary pathogens (Wilson and Gaido, 2004) However, a large proportion of incontrolled antibiotic usage has contributed to the emergence of resistant bacterial infection (Bpmadio and Merni, 2001). As a result, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among urinary pathogens has been increasing worldwide. Associated resistance to one antibiotic is often much more likely to be resistant to other antibiotics, drastically decreases our chances of getting a second empirical attempt right (Sundquist and Kalimeter, 2009) Resistance rates to the most common prescribed drugs used in the treatment of UTIS vary considerably in different areas worldwide. The estimation of local etiology and susceptibility profile could support the most effective empirical tract (Farajnia, et al, 2009) Therefore, investigating epidemiology of UTIS (prevalence, risk factors, bacterial isolates, and antibiotic sensitivity) is fundamental for care givers and health planners.
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Urinary tract (UTI) as urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection known to affect the different parts of the urinary tract and the occurrence is found in both the genders are susceptible to the infection, Women are mostly vulnerable due to their anatomy and reproductive physiology. The infection is usually caused as a conference of bacterial invasion of the urinary tract including the lower and the upper urinary tract. Among the bacterial species Escherichia coli accord to 80% to 85% of the infection followed by staphylococcus species that constitutes to 10% to 15%. In addition, bacterial species Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Enteroccocus species plays a minor role in conferring the infection. A variety of parameters are related to Urinary tract infection which include age, parity, gravidity, pregnancy and association of diseases alignment the condition of the infection.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
This study is aimed at determining the bacterial associated with urinary tract infection in postnatal mothers and their antibiotics susceptibility.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to determine the bacterial associated with urinary tract infection.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The present study will investigate the bacterial associated with urinary tract infection and their sensitivity to antibiotics.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research will unravel pathogens causing urinary tract infection in postnatal mothers and their sensitivity to drugs.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
BACTERIURIA: Bacteria in the Urine
Prophylactic: An agent that presents the development of a condition or disease.
Antibiotics: Substances, produced from a microorganism that destroys or inhibit the growth of other microorganism are used for the treatment of infections caused by microorganism.
Antipyretics: A drug that reduces fever by lowering the body temperature.
Susceptibility: Vulnerability to disease
Resistance: The degree to which a disease or disease – causing organism remains unaffected by antibiotics or other drugs.
Uropathogens: Are bacteria found in the urine sample that causes infections.
Pyuria: White blood cells in Urine
Citrobacter: a genus of Gram – negative anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria organisms that cause infection of the urinary tract.
Dysuria: Difficult or painful urination
Haematuria: A passage of blood in the urine
Nocturia: The passage of urine at might
Lactobacilli: A genus of Gram – positive non motile rod-like bacteria capable of growth in acid media and of producing lactic.
Cystoscopy: examination of the bladder by means of an instrument (cystoscope) inserted via the urethra.
Midstream specimen of urine (MSU): a specimen of urine that is subjected to examine for the presence of microorganism.
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