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ABSTRACT
Astudy on “Use of Human urine as a remediating agent in soil polluted with used engine oil” was carried out. The sample of used engine oil and soil was taken from the automobile workshop and botanical garden of Ken-Saro Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori in sterile container and taken to the Microbiology laboratory for analysis. Results obtained showed that bacteria isolated from the soil were identified to be Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Bacillus species. It also showed that after the addition of urine, the concentration of hydrocarbon in the polluted soil reduced. It is therefore recommended that human urine is not a waste product and should be used as a bioremediating agent.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – – i
DECLARATION – – – – – – – – ii
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – iii
DEDICATION – – – – – – – – iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – – – – – – v
ABSTRACT – – – – – – – – vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS – – – – – – vii
LIST OF TABLES – – – – – – – – ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM – – – – 3
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY – – 4
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY – – – – – – 4
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY – – – – 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – 5
2.1 ENGINE OIL EFFECT ON THE ECOSYSTEM – 7
2.2 SOIL QUALITY – – – – – – – 13
2.3 PHYSICAL SOIL QUALITY – – – – 16
2.4 CHEMICAL SOIL QUALITY – – – – 17
2.5 BIOLOGICAL SOIL QUALITY – – – – 17
2.6 REMEDIATION – – – – – – 18
2.7 BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES – – – – 21
2.8 RESISTENCE AND BIOACCUMULATION – – 23
2.9 MOBILITY AND OCCURRENCE – – – 24
2.9.2 IMPACT OF HUMAN URINE ON SOIL – – 25
2.9.2 EFFECTS OF SALTS – – – – – 29
2.9.3 EFFECTS OF PATHOGENS – – – – 30
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS – – – – 31
3.1 STUDY AREA – – – – – – – 31
3.2 MATERIALS – – – – – – – 31
3.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION – – – – – 31
3.3.1 SOIL – – – – – – – – 31
3.3.2 HUMAN URINE – – – – – – 32
3.3.3 USED ENGINE OIL – – – – – – 32
3.4 STERILIZATION – – – – – – 32
3.5 MEDIA PREPARATION – – – – – 32
3.6 SERIAL DILUTION – – – – – – 33
3.7 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION – – – 33
3.7.1 ISOLATION OF BACTERIA COLONIES BASED ON CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS – – – 34
3.7.2 ISOLATION OF BACTERIA ISOLATES BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHACATERISTICS – – 34
3.7.3 GRAM STAINING – – – – – – 34
3.7.4 BIOCHEMICAL TEST REACTION – – – 36
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION – – – – 38
4.1 RESULT – – – – – – – – 38
4.2 DISCUSSION – – – – – – – 42
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION – – 44
5.1 CONCLUSION – – – – – – – 44
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS – – – – – 44
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – 46
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1: Showing the Characterization and Identification
of Bacteria – – – – – – – 39
Table 4.2 Showing the Concentration of Hydrocarbon
(Used Engine Oil) in the Polluted Soil – – 40
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Activities over half a century operation in the oil and gas industry has resulted in unprecedented release of hydrocarbons and associated pollutants into the environment from refine and unrefined petroleum product (Obot et al., 2006; UNEP 2012). The severe pollution scenario has resulted in the degradation of the environment especially soil resulting in a substantial decline in both below and above ground biodiversity, affect public health and disrupt life support system for local people. Engine oil, a product of the fraction of crude oil has the potential and associated health effects with crude oil. Although, there are a wide range of constituents in engine as well as crude oil. Research in recent years has focused on the total petroleum hydrocarbon and associated compound like BTEX (Salanitro et al., 2008). The quest for environmentally sustainable approach toward contaminated environment has made the ever evolving field of bioremediation, a standard practice for the remediation and restoration of degraded environment. Over the years, considerable research has been published in the area of bioremediation with diverse modification for the treatment of a wide range of contaminants in both laboratory and field studies (Dash, 1990; Hutchins et al., 1992; Hoff, 1993; Adriano et al., 1999; Singer et al., 2001; and Borza, 2012). Environmental pollution is one of the major problems facing industrialized world today (Kovalick, 1991). Remediation of contaminated soil continues to be a major focus of regulatory activity and an area of scientific and technical challenge for environmental professionals. Improper storage and waste management practices have lift a legacy of contaminated soil and aquifers, (Fetter, 1993). Despite the success recorded so far, attempt to elucidate appropriate and effective bioremediation protocol for petrochemical has remained inconclusive and contradictory (Salanitro et al., 2008).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• The quality of the earth is linked inextricably to the overall quality of the environment. The problems associated with contaminated sites now assume increasing prominence in many countries. Contaminated lands generally result from past industrial activities when awareness of the health and environmental effects connected with the production, use and disposal of hazardous substances were less well recognised than today. The problem is world-wide especially in developing countries and the estimated number of contaminated sites is significant. It is now widely recognized that contaminated sites is a potential threat to human health and its continual discovery over recent years calls for serious remedy.
• The problems associated with crude oil contaminated sites assume an increasing prominence in many countries. These pollution problems often result in huge disturbances of both the biotic and abiotic component of the ecosystem.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
• The aim of this study was to evaluate human urineas a remediating agent in soil polluted by engine oil.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• To determine the physicochemical characteristics of the polluted soiland unpolluted soil.
• To enumerate and isolate hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the polluted and unpolluted soil.
• To ascertain the usefulness of human urine asagent for degradation of soil polluted by engine oil.
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