Complete Material Cost #3,000
Order for Complete Material now
ABSTRACT
Fruits and plants have been found to be rich source of antimicrobial agent, it is important that the emerging of resistant pathogenic organisms to drugs cannot be overlooked. This study therefore investigate the antimicrobial effect of four plants, Honey, Citrusaurantifolia(lime), Citrus limon (lemon), and Brassica olecacea (cabbage) on Salmonellatyphi, Shigelladysenteriae and Pseudomonasaeruginosathe test organism were isolated by the laboratory scientist and the research work was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The extract was prepared by washing and removing the outer covering of lime, lemon and cabbage and cutted into small piece, before it was diced for about 2 days, while the honey sample was filtered aseptically with the aid of Watman filter paper number one. The results revealed that the honey inhibited the growth of the test organisms with an inhibitory zone of 1.2mm for Salmonella, 1.8mm for Shigella and 2.0mm for Pseudomonas. Lime extracts had an inhibitory zone of 0.0mm for Salmonella, 0.8mm for Shigellaand1.3mm for Pseudomonas. Lemon extract had an inhibitory zone of 0.0mm forSalmonella, 2.5mm for Shigellaand 1.2mm for Pseudomonas. Cabbage extract had an inhibitory zone of 0.0mm forSalmonella, 2.5mm forShigellaand 0.0mm for Pseudomonas. The minimum bactericidal count (MBC) result showed that honey was sensitive to all the test organism lime and lemon were sensitive to both Shigellaand Pseudomonasand resistant to Salmonellawhile cabbage was only sensitive to Shigellaand resistant to both Salmonella and Pseudomonas, the result showed that honey was the most sensitive. The result of this study suggested that these fruits may have beneficial roles that can be exploited in controlling unwanted microbial growth of these test organisms.
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE …………………………………………………………………………………………i
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………………………………ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………………….x
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4
1.6 DEFINATION OF TERMS 4
CHAPTER TWO 5
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMEN 5
2.2 HEALTH BENEFITS OF HONEY, LIME, LEMON AND CABBAGE 8
2.3 PATHOGENS 11
2.4 ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS 12
2.5 MODES OF ACTIONS OF PLANTS EXTRACT AGAINST MICROORGANISMS 13
2.6 BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES 14
2.7 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR BACTERIAL RESISTANCE 15
2.8 METHODS OF EXTRACTION OF PLANTS 17
CHAPTER THREE 20
3.0 MATERIALS AN METHODS 20
3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION 20
3.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION 20
3.3 STERILIZATION OF GLASSWARE 20
3.5 PREPARATION OF EXTRACTS 20
3.6 PREPARATION AND STERILIZATION OF MEDIA 21
3.7 INOCULATION 21
3.8 SENSITIVITY AND INCUBATION 22
3.9 MIC DETERMINATION PROCEDURE 22
3.10 MINIMUM BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION (MBC) 23
CHAPTER FOUR 24
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 24
RESULT 24
4.1 DISCUSSION 30
CHAPTER FIVE 31
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 31
5.1 CONCLUSION 31
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 31
REFERENCE 32
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Earlier civilization believed that certain herbs have remedial supremacy naturally in them to heal some specific aliment (Gorg et al., 2010). Nation like India, one of the developing countries fulfils their requirement of medicinal sources mainly from plants to cure infectious diseases (Zumla and Lutat, 1989).
The continuous escalation of resistant bacteria against a wide range of antibiotics and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases, have caused many microorganisms to develop resistance to several antibiotics. This has necessitates the discovery of unconventional source of antibiotics (Kacanioeaet al., 2011).
Therefore, there is critical need to move quickly and develop alternative antimicrobial drugs from natural products of plant (herbs).
The research work is to screen local medicinal plants (herb) which represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial agent found in bacteria extract has been found to have antimicrobial effect that can inhibit the growth of certain enteric organisms (Prescott et al., 1999).
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microbes to resist the effect of drugs; that is the germs are not killed, their growth is not stopped. Bacteria have the genetic ability to acquire resistance to drugs which are utilized as therapeutical agent(Khushwahaet al., 2012). Therefore aggressive actionis needed to keep new resistance from developing and to prevent the resistance that already exist from spreading. Besides plants, fruits also have been studied by researchers for the presence of bioactive compounds closely related herbs, commonly referred as phytochemicals such as tannins, carotenoids, polyphenols, anthocyanin and flavanones (Khushwaha et al., 2012).
So preparation of honey, lime, lemon and cabbage has been used as an essential ingredient in the preparation of most herbal concoction; their effect on human, investigation of their antimicrobial activity and the effect it have on enteric pathogenic organisms which is essential for human health (Muluet al, 2004).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of some selected medicinal plants, herbs will provide a better knowledge of specific conditions and concentrations where these plants could be recommended and applied for therapeutical means.
It has become important to investigate the antimicrobial activity of these selected plants considering their wide availability in nature and use by human to enhance their use not only as food but also as a means of therapy processes (Anyanwu, 2011).
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research workwas to investigate the antimicrobial activity of honey, lime, lemon, and cabbageon some pathogens.
The objectives of the study were:
- To determine the antimicrobial effect of extractant concentration of the herbs on pathogenic organisms.
- To determine which plant extract has high antimicrobial effect on which particular organism.
iii. To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the herbs.
- To determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research will provide the following:
- a) It will provide wide knowledge of the economic importance and antimicrobial properties of the selected specimen
- b) The result will on the basis of antimicrobial effects of the extracted herbs, which will improve the economic value of the analysed herbs.
- c) It will provide a means for their inclusion in the therapeutic industry used in inhibiting the growth of the specified organisms in humans.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is limited to the evaluation of the antibacterial effects of honey, lime, lemon and cabbage against pathogens (Salmonella, Shigellaand Pseudomonasspp) and to ascertain if the plants extracts can be used to treat disease caused by these enteropathogens.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bacteria: this is a microscopic organism, especially a bacteria,virus or fungi.
Enteropathogen: this is any organism that causes disease of the intestinal tract.
Antibacterial/antimicrobial substances: Any substance or agent that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria or microbes.
Zone of inhibition:This is the clear area surrounding a sample of an antimicrobial agent that is been deposited on an agar-based culture.